Create complex animation curves in CSS with the linear() easing function

Introducing linear(), an easing function in CSS that interpolates linearly between its points, allowing you to recreate bounce and spring effects.

Bramus

Easings in CSS

When animating or transitioning elements in CSS, you control the rate at which a value changes with an easing function using the animation-timing-function and transition-timing-function properties.

There are several keywords available as presets in CSS, namely linear, ease, ease-in, ease-out, and ease-in-out. To create your own easing curves use the cubic-bezier() function, or take a steps based approach using the steps() easing function.

When used appropriately, easings give an animated element a sense of weight as it appears to gather momentum.

Creating complex curves such as bounce or spring effects is not possible in CSS, but thanks to linear() you can now approximate them astonishingly well.

An intro to linear()

A new way to define an easing in CSS is with linear(). This function accepts a number of stops, separated by commas. Each stop is a single number that ranges from 0 to 1. In between each stop the interpolation is done in a linear way, explaining the name of the function.

animation-timing-function: linear(0, 0.25, 1);

These stops are by default spread equidistantly. In the preceding snippet, that means the output value of 0.25 will be used at the 50% mark.

Visualized, the graph for linear(0, 0.25, 1) looks like this:

If you don’t want the stops to be spread equidistantly, you can optionally pass in a stop length. When passing in one value as a stop length, you define its starting point:

animation-timing-function: linear(0, 0.25 75%, 1);

Here, an output value of 0.25 will not be used at the 50% mark but at 75%.

When specifying two values as a stop length, you define both its starting and ending point:

animation-timing-function: linear(0, 0.25 25% 75%, 1);

An output value of 0.25 will be used from 25% to 75% in time.

Creating complex curves with linear()

While the examples above are very simple easings, you can use linear() to recreate complex easing functions in a very simple manner, with the compromise of losing some precision.

Take this bounce easing curve, a type of easing that cannot be expressed directly in CSS, defined using JavaScript:

function easing(pos) {
  const t = 7.5625;
  const e = 2.75;
  return pos < 1 / e
    ? t * pos * pos
    : pos < 2 / e
    ? t * (pos -= 1.5 / e) * pos + 0.75
    : pos < 2.5 / e
    ? t * (pos -= 2.25 / e) * pos + 0.9375
    : t * (pos -= 2.625 / e) * pos + 0.984375;
}

While the code might not tell you much, a visualization might. Here’s the output, visualized as a blue curve:

The curve can be simplified by adding a number of stops onto it. Here, each green dot indicates a stop:

When passed into linear(), the result is a curve that kinda looks like the original one, but is a bit rougher on the edges.

Compare the green animated box to the blue one, you can tell it’s not as smooth.

But, if you add enough stops you can approximate the original curve quite well. Here’s an updated version:

By merely doubling the number of stops, you already get a smooth result.

The code used to animate looks like this:

animation-timing-function: linear(
  /* Start to 1st bounce */
  0, 0.004, 0.016, 0.035, 0.063 9.1%, 0.141, 0.25, 0.391, 0.563, 0.765, 1,
  /* 1st to 2nd bounce */
  0.891, 0.813 45.5%, 0.785, 0.766, 0.754, 0.75, 0.754, 0.766, 0.785, 0.813 63.6%, 0.891, 1 72.7%,
  /* 2nd to 3rd bounce */
  0.973, 0.953, 0.941, 0.938, 0.941, 0.953, 0.973, 1,
  /* 3rd bounce to end */
  0.988, 0.984, 0.988, 1
);

A tool to help

Manually creating this list of stops would be very cumbersome. Thankfully, Jake and Adam have created a tool to help you convert an easing curve to its linear() counterpart.

The tool takes a JavaScript easing function or SVG curve as its input, and outputs the simplified curve using linear(). Use the sliders to control the number of stops you want, and their precision.

At the top-right, you can also choose one of the presets: Spring, Bounce, Simple elastic, or Material Design emphasized easing are included.

DevTools support

Available in DevTools is support to visualize and edit the result of linear(). Click on the icon to show an interactive tooltip that lets you drag around the stops.

This DevTools feature is available in DevTools shipping with Chrome 114.

Photo by Howie Mapson on Unsplash